Blood glucose test-2

1.Blood glucose targets

2.HbA1c values

• Normal: Below 42 mmol/mol (6.0%)
• Prediabetes: 42 to 47 mmol/mol (6.0 to 6.4%)
• Diabetes: 48 mmol/mol (6.5% or over)

3.Blood sugar values

Plasma glucose test	Normal	Prediabetes	Diabetes
Random	Below 11.1 mmol/l  Below 200 mg/dl	N/A	11.1 mmol/l or more  200 mg/dl or more
Fasting	Below 6.1 mmol/l  Below 108 mg/dl	6.1 to 6.9 mmol/l  108 to 125 mg/dl	7.0 mmol/l or more  126 mg/dl or more
2 hour post-prandial	Below 7.8 mmol/l  Below 140 mg/dl	7.8 to 11.0 mmol/l  140 to 199 mg/dl	11.1 mmol/l or more  200 mg/dl or more

HOW CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITOR WORK?

SOURCE: http://www.diabetes.org/

signs your blood sugar  levels may be too low are the following:

• hunger
• dizziness or shakiness
• confusion
• being pale
• sweating more
• weakness
• anxiety or moodiness
• headaches
• a fast heartbeat

 CONTINOUS GLUCOSE METERS  IN MARKET

• Dexcom G4 Platinum
• http://www.dexcom.com/

• FreeStyle Navigator
• https://abbottdiabetescare.co.uk/our-products/other-meters/freestyle-navigator-2

• Guardian Real Time CGM System
• http://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/products/guardian-real-time-cgm-system
• Dexcom Seven Plus CGM System
• MiniMed Paradigm Revel/Veo System
• Others

Blood glucose tests-1

https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/tab/test/

Fasting Blood Glucose

GLUCOSE LEVEL	INDICATION
From 70 to 99 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L)	Normal fasting glucose
From 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L)	Prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose)
126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and above on more than one testing occasion	Diabetes

2-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Levels applicable except during pregnancy. Sample drawn 2 hours after a 75-gram glucose drink.

GLUCOSE LEVEL	INDICATION
Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)	Normal glucose tolerance
From 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.1 mmol/L)	Prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance)
Equal to or greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) on more than one testing occasion	Diabetes

Continous glucose monitoring devices Dexcom vs Mewww.dexcom.comdtronic -II

1. Dexcom G5^TM Mobile Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System

      2. Minimed paradigm

     

what is insulin pump

Insulin pumps are small, high-tech electronic devices which can make life with type 1 diabetes more flexible. now days they are combined with continuous glucose monitoring devices

AND THEY DELIVER INSULIN BY 1. BOLUS 2. BASAL

 Insulin pumps are able to do three things:

 • Continuously deliver small doses of rapid-acting insulin to meet your basal needs 

• Allow you to deliver a surge of insulin for the carbohydrates you eat. This is called a meal bolus

 • Allow you to deliver extra insulin to correct high blood glucose levels (BGLs). This is called a correction bolus.


for more info http://www.tandemdiabetes.com/Products/t-slim-Insulin-Pump/

 Continous glucose monitoring devices Dexcom vs Medtronic 

Medtronic ipro2

Technology used:Retrospective

Approval status: US FDA and EU approval
           
Sensor Duration: 3 To 6 hours

Frequency of Glucose Readings: Every 5 min

Advantages: No real-time calibration needed.

Dexcom G4 Platinum SEVEN PLUS

Technology used: Real-Time

Approval status: US FDA, EU

Sensor Duration: 7 DAYS

Frequency of Glucose Readings: Every 5 min


FOR MORE INFO https://professional.medtronicdiabetes.com/ipro2-professional-cgmhttp://www.dexcom.com/dexcom-g4-platinum-share

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) list

1. Dexcom 

2.There are currently two FDA-approved, 1.CGM-enabled insulin pumps: the Medtronic MiniMed, approved in April 2006.

 3.. Animas Vibe System, which was approved on Nov. 25, 2014. The Animas Vibe System combines the DexCom G4 Platinum CGM with an Animas insulin pump. This approval gives consumers more choices in the types of CGMs that can be integrated wirelessly with an insulin pump.

Tips for checking blood glucose in home with glucose monitoring devices

·         follow the user instructions about sample size. Repeat the test if you have any doubt that enough blood was added.

·         insert the test strip completely into the meter guides.

·         keep the meter clean.

·         check the test strip package to make sure the strips are compatible with your meter.

·         check the expiration date on the test strips.

·         enter the correct calibration code from the outside of the strip bottle each time you run a test (if applicable).

·         run quality control as directed.

·         check the results from your meter against laboratory results as often as possible.

source: US FDA

What is continuous glucose monitoring?

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems use a tiny sensor inserted under the skin to check glucose levels in tissue fluid. The sensor stays in place for several days to a week and then must be replaced. A transmitter sends information about glucose levels via radio waves from the sensor to a pagerlike wireless monitor. The user must check blood samples with a glucose meter to program the devices. Because currently approved CGM devices are not as accurate and reliable as standard blood glucose meters, users should confirm glucose levels with a meter before making a change in treatment.

source: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/continuous-glucose-monitoring/Documents/Continuous_Glucose_Monitoring_508.pdf

How to test blood sugar and why?

how to test blood glucose in home

When you are sick, your blood glucose levels may fluctuate and be unpredictable. During these times, it is a good idea to check your blood glucose levels more often than usual (for example, every two to four hours). It is also very important that you continue to take your diabetes medication. If you have a cold or flu and are considering using a cold remedy or cough syrup, ask your pharmacist to help you make a good choice. Many cold remedies and cough syrups 

When you are sick, it is VERY IMPORTANT that you: •

 drink plenty of extra sugar-free fluids or water; try to avoid coffee, tea and colas, as they contain caffeine, which may cause you to lose more fluids. 

• replace solid food with fluids that contain glucose if you can’t eat according to your usual meal plan; • try to consume 15 grams of carbohydrate every hour

• if you are not able to follow your usual meal plan 

• call your doctor or go to an emergency room if you vomit and/or have had diarrhea two times or more in four hours.

 • if you are on insulin, be sure to continue taking it while you are sick. Check with your healthcare team about guidelines for insulin adjustment or medication changes during an illness.

kale nutrition information

Nutrient	Unit	1Value per 100 g
Proximates
Water	g	84.04
Energy	kcal	49
Energy	kJ	207
Protein	g	4.28
Total lipid (fat)	g	0.93
Ash	g	2.01
Carbohydrate, by difference	g	8.75
Fiber, total dietary	g	3.6
Sugars, total	g	2.26
Minerals
Calcium, Ca	mg	150
Iron, Fe	mg	1.47
Magnesium, Mg	mg	47
Phosphorus, P	mg	92
Potassium, K	mg	491
Sodium, Na	mg	38
Zinc, Zn	mg	0.56
Copper, Cu	mg	1.499
Manganese, Mn	mg	0.659
Selenium, Se	µg	0.9
Vitamins
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid	mg	120
Thiamin	mg	0.11
Riboflavin	mg	0.13
Niacin	mg	1
Pantothenic acid	mg	0.091
Vitamin B-6	mg	0.271
Folate, total	µg	141
Folic acid	µg	0
Folate, food	µg	141
Folate, DFE	µg	141
Choline, total	mg	0.8
Vitamin B-12	µg	0
Vitamin A, RAE	µg	500
Retinol	µg	0
Carotene, beta	µg	5927
Carotene, alpha	µg	54
Cryptoxanthin, beta	µg	81
Vitamin A, IU	IU	9990
Lycopene	µg	0
Lutein + zeaxanthin	µg	8198
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)	mg	1.54
Vitamin D (D2 + D3)	µg	0
Vitamin D	IU	0
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)	µg	704.8
Lipids
Fatty acids, total saturated	g	0.091

Apple raw with skin

Apple calories and Nutrition facts 

Nutrient	Unit	1Value      per 100 g
Proximates
Water	g	85.56
Energy	kcal	52
Protein	g	0.26
Total lipid (fat)	g	0.17
Carbohydrate, by difference	g	13.81
Fiber, total dietary	g	2.4
Sugars, total	g	10.39
Minerals
Calcium, Ca	mg	6
Iron, Fe	mg	0.12
Magnesium, Mg	mg	5
Phosphorus, P	mg	11
Potassium, K	mg	107
Sodium, Na	mg	1
Zinc, Zn	mg	0.04
Vitamins
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid	mg	4.6
Thiamin	mg	0.017
Riboflavin	mg	0.026
Niacin	mg	0.091
Vitamin B-6	mg	0.041
Folate, DFE	µg	3
Vitamin B-12	µg	0
Vitamin A, RAE	µg	3
Vitamin A, IU	IU	54
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)	mg	0.18
Vitamin D (D2 + D3)	µg	0
Vitamin D	IU	0
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)	µg	2.2
Lipids
Fatty acids, total saturated	g	0.028
Fatty acids, total monounsaturated	g	0.007
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated	g	0.051
Fatty acids, total trans	g	0
Cholesterol	mg	0
Other
Caffeine	mg	0